What are Phthalates? Phthalates. Available online: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris2/chemicalLanding.cfm?substance_nmbr=14. Two decades of research suggest that phthalates disrupt hormones, which can lead to harm during critical periods of development. Examples of Organic Chemistry in Everyday Life, The Safest Type of Water Bottle to Drink From. Environmental Health Perspectives 103(6):582-7. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, vol. Available online: http://endocrinedisruption.org/popup-chemical-details?chemid=527 August 13, 2014. [11]  In addition, the Endocrine Disruption Exchange (TEDX) includes DEP,[12] DEHP,[13] and DBP[14] as endocrine disruptors. In the most recent data from the National Biomonitoring Program, the highest levels are found in non-Hispanic blacks, followed by Mexican-Americans. NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards: naphtha (coal tar). [38] Jobling S, Reynolds T, White R, Parker MG, Sumpter JP (1995). FOUND IN: Color cosmetics, fragranced lotions, body washes and hair care products, nail polish and treatment. Available online: https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13641/dbp_echa_review_report_2010_6_en.pdf August 13, 2014. [9] While levels of DEP have declined over time, disparities in exposure persist. August 18, 2014. [7] Archer L, Brody C, Malkan S, Sarantis H (2008). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A, vol. In cosmetic products, they are also used as softeners. Available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1519124/pdf/envhper00355-0058.pdf. The female reproductive system may be less sensitive to phthalate exposure than the male reproductive system,[28] although a few studies have found female reproductive effects. Phthalates (US: / ˈ θ æ l eɪ t s /, UK: / ˈ θ ɑː l eɪ t s /), or phthalate esters, are esters of phthalic acid.They are mainly used as plasticizers, i.e., substances added to plastics to increase their flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity. Phthalates are also employed as plastic softeners in many different consumer products, including children’s toys and medical devices. [24]  Exposure to phthalates, especially DBP and DEHP, can reduce fetal testosterone production, and these anti-androgenic effects may alter fetal cell differentiation and function, leading to altered male genital development. [36] Kim IY, Han SY, Moon A. Phthalates inhibit tamoxifen-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Triclosan and triclocarban. Toxicological Science, vol. [19]European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). [14] The Endocrine Disruption Exchange (TEDX). Available online: http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/1/189.full.pdf+html. Environmental Research, vol. [20]European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Scientists at government agencies in … Available online: http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/1/189.full.pdf+html. Levels of DEP metabolites were higher among non-Hispanic blacks, perhaps due to frequent and prolonged use of products marketed specifically to girls and women of color. [37] Alam MS., et al., Induction of spermatogenic cell apoptosis in prepubertal rat testes irrespective of testicular steroidogenesis: a possible estrogenic effect of di(n-butyl) phthalate. Shown to damage the liver, kidneys, lungs and reproductive systems in animal studies, phthalates can be absorbed through the skin or inhaled. Another study, led by Dr. Shanna Swan of the University of Missouri, identified developmental abnormalities in male infants correlating to high phthalate levels in their mothers’ bodies. [40], VULNERABLE POPULATIONS: Pregnant women and breast-feeding mothers. Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. They get metabolized in our bodies and excreted through our urine and bile. 112, no. A 2003 European Union directive bans phthalates in cosmetics sold in Europe, but U.S. and Canadian regulators have not been so proactive, despite mounting evidence of potential harm. [28] Gray LE, et al., Chronic di-n-butyl phthalate exposure in rats reduces fertility and alters ovarian function during pregnancy in female Long Evans hooded rats. [8] The researchers speculate that the high prevalence of DEP is the result of the chemicals’ use in cosmetics and other fragranced products. 2014. [32] Borch J, et al., Mechanisms underlying the anti-androgenic effects of diethylhelxyl phthalate in fetal rat testis. [8] Manori JS, et al., Urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites in a human reference population. Additionally, phthalates are used in personal skin care products for viscosity control and are also used as stabilizers, dispersants, lubricants, binders, emulsifying agents, and suspending agents. August 18, 2014. None of the 72 products tested had phthalates listed on the labels. 18-19. [12] The Endocrine Disruption Exchange (TEDX). August 18, 2014. Reports on Carcinogens, twelfth edition, 2011: Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Available online: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/roc12.pdf August 13, 2014. EWG spokesperson Lauren E. Sucher urges people—especially women who are pregnant, nursing or planning on becoming pregnant—to avoid phthalates. Candidate list of substances of very high concern for authorization: DBP. 4, pp 377-84, 2014. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24228746/. Research in adult human males has found that sperm quality and male infertility are associated with levels of MEP and MEHP (metabolites of DEP and DEHP) [21],[22],[23] and that higher levels lead to more strongly impaired sperm motility. [29] A study of infertile couples found significantly exposure to DEP among infertile men and higher DEP and DBP exposure among infertile women. Pregnant women’s exposure to the phthalates DBP and DEHP has been associated with a shortened distance between the anus and genitals in their male babies, indicating a feminization had occurred during prenatal genital development. [3] Some companies have phased DBP out of nail products. http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/1/189.full.pdf+html, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22197707, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690193, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16326419, http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/roc12.pdf. Female laboratory rats chronically exposed to DBP and other phthalates showed altered sex hormones and increased likelihood of fetal loss. [21] Hauser R, et al., DNA damage in human sperm is related to urinary levels of phthalate monoester and oxidative metabolites. Two are widely used in personal care products: 1) dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is used in nail polish, and is listed by the EU as an endocrine-disrupting compound of high concern. Available online: http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/139/2/427.full.pdf+html. Many times you have no idea that these toxins are in your hair and skin care products because it isn’t listed in the ingredient label. August 18, 2014. Available online:  https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13641/dbp_echa_review_report_2010_6_en.pdf August 13, 2014. 93, no. Research in adult human males has found that sperm quality and male infertility are associated with levels of MEP and MEHP (metabolites of DEP and DEHP) [21],[22],[23] and that higher levels lead to more strongly impaired sperm motility. Abstract online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19235623. [35] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Parabens get into our bodies primarily through the products we slather on our skin, as well as through we put on and rinse off like soaps, shampoos, conditioners, and even face cleansers and masks. August 18, 2014. August 18, 2014. [6] Our 2008 follow-up testing found that phthalate levels had dropped in some – though not all – of the products tested previously in 2002. Available online: http://endocrinedisruption.org/popup-chemical-details?chemid=505 August 13, 2014. [34] National Toxicology Program. 24, no. Abstract Available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16326419. Available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1280349/pdf/ehp0113-001056.pdf. [15],[16]Shorter ano-genital distance is characteristic of female sex in both humans and animals. 2007. Non-hispanic whites have the lowest levels. The Upside Parabens are synthetic preservatives found in all sorts of things; from foods to pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and personal care products like deodorant and shampoos - probably most of your old favorites. Phthalates work as softeners in personal care products such as cosmetics and shampoo, as well as flexible plastics like children’s toys. What they are: Compounds used in antiperspirants to stop the sweat ducts from releasing sweat to the surface of the skin. Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. MINERAL OIL. Available online: http://www.safecosmetics.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/A-Little-Prettier.pdf August 18, 2014. Found in: toothpaste, deodorant, antibacterial soap. & Hanke W., Exposure to phthalates: reproductive outcome and children health. Dibutyl phthalates. Available online: http://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/candidate-list-table August 13, 2014. Available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1367843/pdf/ehp0114-000270.pdf. August 18, 2014. [30] One of the ways that phthalates interfere with reproductive function is by reducing the levels of sex hormones, which are critical for development and functioning of the sex organs, including breasts. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, vol. A significant loophole in federal law allows phthalates (and other chemicals) to be added to fragrances without disclosure to consumers. Pregnant women’s exposure to the phthalates DBP and DEHP has been associated with a shortened distance between the anus and genitals in their male babies, indicating a feminization had occurred during prenatal genital development. Pronounced THAL-ates, these chemicals, which are linked to endocrine disruption, developmental and reproductive toxicity, and cancer, have been banned from cosmetics in the European Union, but still remain prevalent in U.S. products. Health: SLS and SLES can irritate eyes, skin, and lungs, especially with long-term use.SLES may also be contaminated with a substance called 1,4-dioxane, which is … More studies associated phthalates breast cancer and with hormonal disruptions in young girls and women. Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. A review of epidemiological studies. Dibutyl phthalate. Manufacturers use phthalates because they cling to the skin and nails to give perfumes, hair gels and nail polishes more staying power. An analysis of the 1999-2000 data from the CDC’s National Biomonitoring Program found metabolites of DEP in all 2,540 samples and metabolites of DBP in 99% of samples. 113, pp 1056-1061, 2005. [24] Pant N., et al., Environmental and experimental exposure of phthalate esters: The toxicological consequence on human sperm. Long words are a little bit intimidating, … We enlisted the experts to help decipher the science. 30, no. He won the Edward J. Meeman Award for Environmental Reporting. Boycotting parabens but no idea what they actually are? Does Nail Polish Banish the Itch from Chigger Bites? [34],[35] DBP has been shown to cause proliferation of breast tumor cells and to make anti-estrogen treatments, such as tamoxifen, less effective against tumors. If you look on the back of your average skin-care product, you might see the words “butylparaben,” “methylparaben” or “propylparaben.”These paraben ingredients are preservatives used in cosmetics, and even though you might see them everywhere, they are still being reviewed by FDA scientists on their safety. BHA (Beta Hydroxy Acid) Retinol. List of 146 substances with endocrine disruption classifications prepared in the espert meeting. 113, pp 1056-1061, 2005. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews, vol. [18] None of the 72 products tested had phthalates listed on the labels. & Lee BM., DNA methylation of estrogen receptor alpha gene by phthalates. But such labels remain to be seen, even though 99 percent of cosmetics contain one or more untested ingredients. Society of Reproduction and Fertility, vol. 213, pp 15-20, 2012. Aging Skin. Other Common Products Include: [31],[32],[33], Cancer: The National Toxicology Program and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency report that DEHP is reasonably to be anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity of animal studies. Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 1, pp 189-95, 2006. August 18, 2014. Shown to damage the liver, kidneys, lungs and reproductive systems in animal studies, phthalates can be absorbed through the skin or inhaled. Dibutyl phthalates. Phthalates may also be inhaled through vapors from fragranced cosmetics or cleaning products absorbed through the skin. Some are considered safe, and others are considered to pose a potential risk. Phthalates help fragrances and perfumes adhere to skin. Available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1280349/pdf/ehp0113-001056.pdf. Available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21594692 August 14, 2014. Of the samples tested, only four had phthalate levels above the reporting limit – the majority (26 out of 30) had no detectable phthalate … [10] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Phthalates are in so many products, they are industrial plasticizers aimed to make items more flexible and give them work-ability. [2] European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). The non-profit Environmental Working Group launched the Not Too Pretty campaign to raise awareness about the dangers of phthalates, industrial chemicals that are used as solvents in many cosmetics. In field research, the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics only found phthalates listed as an ingredient in nail polish,[5] but our 2002 report, Not Too Pretty, detected phthalates in nearly three-fourths of tested products. Diethyl phthalate. [7], Phthalates are commonly found in human urine samples. Available online: http://endocrinedisruption.org/popup-chemical-details?chemid=510 August 13, 2014. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. A salt or ester of phthalic acid used in the preparation of plastics and solvents. Gabriola, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers, pp. Available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1280349/pdf/ehp0113-001056.pdf. [40], Endocrine disruption: The European commission has determined that there is sufficient evidence that DBP and DEHP leads to endocrine disruption in living organism. Phthalates. [31] Jurewicz J. Available online: http://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/candidate-list-table August 13, 2014. [30] Tranfo G., et al., Urinary phthalate monoesters concentration in couples with infertility problems. [4] Byrdie.14 ‘5 free’ nail polish brands. Refer to https://developers.facebook.com/docs/apps/review/login-permissions#manage-pages and https://developers.facebook.com/docs/apps/review/feature#reference-PAGES_ACCESS for details. Abstract Available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15513900. [9] Manori JS, et al., Urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites in a human reference population. Currently, potential links to obesity and metabolic issues are being investigated. This is … Phthalates are a group of chemicals in most plastic containers … [18], Developmental and reproductive toxicity: The European Chemicals Agency classifies DEHP[19] and DBP[20] as reproductive toxicants. They're the reason your skin care products can live for years in the back of your medicine cabinet. [Internet]. In the most recent data from the National Biomonitoring Program, the highest levels are found in non-Hispanic blacks, followed by Mexican-Americans. [29] Gray LE, et al., Chronic di-n-butyl phthalate exposure in reats reduces fertility and alters ovarian function during pregnancy in female Long Evans hooded rats. Parabens are a family of related chemicals that are commonly used as Phthalates are commonly found in human urine samples. FOUND IN: Color cosmetics, fragranced lotions, body washes and hair care products, nail polish and treatment, WHAT TO LOOK FOR ON THE LABEL:  phthalate, DEP, DBP, DEHP and fragrance, WHAT ARE PHTHALATES? August 13, 2014. Jane Iredale, whose namesake fifteen-year-old skincare and cosmetics company is phthalate- and paraben-free, substitutes natural antioxidants for synthetic preservatives and sponsors events held by Teens for Safe Cosmetics, a branch of the nonprofit environmental organization Search for the Cause. Phthalates. [15] Swan SH, et al., Decrease in Anogenital Distance among Male Infants with Prenatal Phthalate Exposure. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15513900, http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/139/2/427.full.pdf+html, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1519124/pdf/envhper00355-0058.pdf, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24228746/, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0438.html. Abstract Available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690193. [4] 2) DEP is widely used in scented products to help the scent linger, although it is rarely found on labels because it is a constituent of the ubiquitous ingredient “fragrance.” A third phthalate, Di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) is found in eyelash glue, and is widely used in other consumer products. They are used hundreds of products such as detergents, automative parts, vinyl flooring and personal care products. [25],[26],[27] CDC found phthalates in virtually every person tested, but the largest concentrations -- 20 times higher than the rest of the population -- were found in women of child-bearing age. Toxicology Letters, vol. 139, pp 427-37, 2010. Female laboratory rats chronically exposed to DBP and other phthalates showed altered sex hormones and increased likelihood of fetal loss. 112, no. The best way to avoid consuming or applying phthalates directly to the skin is to make your own products. Available online: https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.003.829 August 13, 2014. [10], A significant loophole in federal law allows phthalates (and other chemicals) to be added to fragrances without disclosure to consumers. Phthalates share a similar chemical structure and are widely used in consumer products.MORE... Two are widely used in personal care products: 1) dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is used in nail polish, and is listed by the EU as an endocrine-disrupting compound of high concern. August 18, 2014. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/docum/pdf/bkh_annex_13.pdf August 13, 2014. Know the difference between Latin names and chemicals. Some nail product labels indicate they are “phthalate-free.” Products that list “fragrance” on the label should be avoided to prevent possible exposure to phthalates. It has been very difficult, however, to determine the minimum level of exposure when these problems arise. 3, pp 331-338, 2002. 2, pp 115-41, 2011. [33] Kang SC. DEP is also used in fragranced products to help the scent stay on longer. 3, pp 331-338, 2002. 68, pp 1995-2003, 2005. … August 18, 2014. Human Reproduction, vol. [38],[39]  The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health demonstrates that DEHP can cause liver tumors in animals. [36],[37]  Both DEHP and DBP appear to have weak estrogenic effects. Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 1, pp 189-95, 2006. Available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241863/pdf/ehp0112-000331.pdf August 14, 2014. [24]  Exposure to phthalates, especially DBP and DEHP, can reduce fetal testosterone production, and these anti-androgenic effects may alter fetal cell differentiation and function, leading to altered male genital development. Scientists at government agencies in both the U.S. and Canada agree that exposure to the chemicals could cause a wide range of health and reproductive problems in people. 223, pp 144-155, 2006. GLOSSARY. [31],[32],[33] 2, pp 115-41, 2011. phthalates are also present in cosmetics, nail polish, hair products, skin care products, and some medications. [9] While levels of DEP have declined over time, disparities in exposure persist. 12, pp 157-74, 2009. 4,6,7,11,12. Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1280349/. Endocrine disruption: The European commission has determined that there is sufficient evidence that DBP and DEHP leads to endocrine disruption in living organism. Human and Experimental Toxicology, vol. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. August 18, 2014. Think Dirty® app is the easiest way to learn about the potentially toxic ingredients in your cosmetics and personal care products. [11] European Commission. 114, pp 270-276, 2006. Climacteric, vol. Available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241863/pdf/ehp0112-000331.pdf August 14, 2014. It also provides information on many other chemical compounds found in products beyond just cosmetics, including sunscreens, baby products, and toothpaste. 22, pp 688-695, 2007. Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. [25],[26],[27], The female reproductive system may be less sensitive to phthalate exposure than the male reproductive system,[28] although a few studies have found female reproductive effects. 108, pp 177-84, 2008. Dry … [6] Houlihan J, Brody C, Schwan B (2002). Two decades of research suggest that phthalates disrupt hormones, which can lead to harm during critical periods of development. Abstract Available Online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20551087. For many of us, our exposure to phthalates may be low on any given day, but we absorb these small quantities of chemicals frequently, over decades. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1280349/. Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals, 2013. https://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/pdf/FourthReport_UpdatedTables_Sep2013.pdf August 14, 2014. 67, pp 2025-2035, 2004. August 18, 2014. It has also been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as possibly carcinogenic. [13]The Endocrine Disruption Exchange (TEDX). Levels of DEP metabolites were higher among non-Hispanic blacks, perhaps due to frequent and prolonged use of products marketed specifically to girls and women of color. , 2014 and experimental exposure of phthalate esters: the toxicological consequence on human exposure to Environmental chemicals 2013.. Dehp [ 2 ] are banned in cosmetics, including sunscreens, products. Bottle to Drink from lead to harm during critical periods of development two decades of research suggest that phthalates hormones., deodorants, nail polish and treatment decipher the science ] other research in has. 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